Introduction
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal condition that affects many women during their reproductive years. It can significantly influence menstrual cycles, fertility, and overall health. Understanding PCOS is the first step in managing its symptoms and long-term health effects.
What is PCOS?
PCOS occurs when hormonal imbalances interfere with ovarian function, often leading to irregular ovulation and elevated male hormones (androgens). This may cause a range of symptoms and, in some cases, fluid-filled cysts on the ovaries – where the condition’s name originates from – even though not all women with PCOS have cysts.
PCOS is one of the common conditions that our gynaecologists see at Bloom Women’s Health. You can find out more about PCOS in our gynaecology services common conditions.
Common Symptoms
Symptoms can vary widely, but common signs of PCOS include:
- Irregular periods: Infrequent or prolonged menstrual cycles, or no periods at all.
- Excess hair growth: Often on the face, chest, or back.
- Acne and oily skin: Hormonal changes can cause persistent skin problems.
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight: Often linked to insulin resistance.
- Thinning hair on the scalp: Hair loss or thinning may occur due to high androgen levels.
- Fertility challenges: Irregular ovulation can make it harder to conceive.
What Causes PCOS?
The exact cause is unknown, but factors such as genetics, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances are believed to play a role. Women with a family history of PCOS or diabetes may be at higher risk. Insulin resistance, where the body struggles to use insulin effectively, is common and contributes to elevated androgen levels.
Diagnosing PCOS
PCOS is typically diagnosed through a combination of: symptom evaluations, medical history, and diagnostic tests. The most widely used criteria, known as the Rotterdam criteria, require at least two of the following:
- Irregular or no ovulation
- High androgen levels
- Polycystic ovaries on an ultrasound
Blood tests may be conducted to check hormone levels and rule out other conditions, and an ultrasound is sometimes performed to help assess the ovaries.
When to See a Gynaecologist
In Australia, women need a referral from a GP to see a gynaecologist. Consider seeking specialist care if:
- Symptoms are severe, worsening, or persistent despite lifestyle changes.
- You’re struggling with fertility or experiencing pelvic pain.
- Acne or unwanted hair growth is affecting your quality of life.
Referral Process: Talk to your GP. They can assess your symptoms and provide a referral to a gynaecologist, if necessary.
What to Expect: A gynaecologist can offer more comprehensive testing and personalised treatment options.
Treatment Options for PCOS
Treatment aims to manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risks, tailored to individual needs:
- Lifestyle Changes: These are often the first step. Regular exercise, dietary adjustments, and effective stress management strategies can help manage weight and improve insulin sensitivity.
- Medications:
- Hormonal treatments: Such as birth control pills, can help regulate menstrual cycles.
- Insulin-sensitising medications: These medications may help with insulin resistance.
- Fertility Treatments: Fertility medications can help induce ovulation, and in some cases, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF may be recommended.
- Natural Approaches: Some women use supplements or consider acupuncture to support symptom management.
Managing PCOS Symptoms
Daily life with PCOS involves managing symptoms through a combination of medical treatments and lifestyle adjustments:
- Skin and Hair Issues: Acne can be treated with topical or oral medications, while laser therapy may help reduce excess hair growth.
- Menstrual Health: Hormonal treatments can help regulate cycles and manage heavy bleeding.
- Weight Management: Focus on sustainable lifestyle changes rather than drastic diets; seek guidance from a dietitian if needed.
Long-term Health Implications
PCOS can be associated with an increased risk of developing other health conditions, such as gestational diabetes, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and (low risk of) endometrial cancer if left unmanaged. Regular check-ups help monitor these risks and ensure timely adjustments to treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Can I get pregnant with PCOS?
Many women with PCOS conceive naturally or with fertility treatments. A specialist can guide you through the available options. - How does PCOS affect mental health?
Hormonal imbalances can sometimes influence psychological wellbeing. Along with managing the symptoms and challenges of PCOS, studies have shown that women with PCOS are also more likely to be diagnosed with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Seeking support from a psychologist with experience in women’s health, like our psychologists at Bloom Women‘s Health, can be helpful.
Conclusion
PCOS is a manageable condition with the right understanding and treatment approach. Don’t hesitate to seek help if you’re experiencing symptoms—effective management starts with early detection and intervention. The Bloom Women’s Health team is here to help with personalised advice and management plan.
